Textual works include written and text-based sources, both in print and online: books and reference works, periodicals, edited book chapters and reference work entries, reports and gray literature, and more.
Periodicals refer to publications that are produced and released on a continuous schedule or at regular intervals. Periodicals include academic journals, magazines, newspapers, blogs, and more.
The reference structure for periodicals is as follows:
Author or Editor | Date | Title | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Periodical Information | DOI or URL | |||
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
Name of Group. Author, C. C. [username]. Username. |
(2020).
(2020, January). (2020, February 16). |
Title of article. | Title of Periodical, 32(3), 7–28. | https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxxx |
Tips:
SOURCE TYPE | REFERENCE EXAMPLE |
---|---|
Journal article with a DOI | Devereaux, A. (2015). Pandemic influenza: An evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(8), 1787–1796. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12654 |
Journal, magazine, or newspaper article without a DOI, from most academic research databases or in print | Al-Rashidi, M. (2018). Using memes in English language instruction. Journal of English Education, 58(2), 120–134. Barry, J. M. (2020, March 19). The single most important lesson from the 1918 influenza. International New York Times. |
Magazine article | Law, T. (2020, January 7). Australia’s wildfires and climate change are making one another worse in a vicious, devastating cycle. https://time.com/5759964/australian-bushfires-climate-change/ |
Newspaper article*
This is for newspapers that operate both in print and online, not news websites. |
Darlin, D. (2014, August 5). How to talk about America’s newest arrivals. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/upshot/how-to-talk-about-americas-newest-arrivals.html |
Blog post | McWilliams, K. (2020, March 30). What’s an appendix for anyways? CSU Global Writing Center Blog. https://medium.com/@csuglobalwritingcenter/whats-an-appendix-for-anyways-ac73d89e8423 |
This section provides information on how to cite books and reference works in their entirety. For chapters in edited books or reference work entries, go to the Edited Book Chapters and Reference Work Entries section.
The reference structure for books and reference works is as follows:
Author or Editor | Date | Title | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Publisher Information | DOI or URL | |||
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
Name of Group. Editor, E. E. (Ed.). Editor, E. E., & Editor, F. F. (Eds.). |
(2020). | Title of book.
Title of book (2nd ed., Vol. 4). Title of book [Audiobook]. Title of book (E. E. Editor, Ed.). Title of book (T. Translator, Trans.; N. Narrator, Narr.). |
Publisher Name.
First Publisher Name; Second Publisher Name. |
https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxxx |
Tips:
SOURCE TYPE | REFERENCE EXAMPLE |
---|---|
Authored book with DOI | Kinderman, P. (2019). A manifesto for mental health: Why we need a revolution in mental health care. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24386-9 |
Authored ebook (e.g., Kindle book) or audiobook without a DOI, with a nondatabase URL | Ferguson, Y. H., & Mansbach, R. W. (2012). Globalization: The return of borders to a borderless world? Routledge. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Globalization/ DsnfCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |
Edited book without a DOI, from most academic research databases or in print | Ringel, S., & Brandell, J. R. (Eds.). (2020). Trauma: Contemporary directions in trauma theory, research, and practice. Columbia University Press. |
This category includes guidance on how to cite a specific chapter with an individual author in an edited book and a specific entry in a reference work, like a dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia.
The reference structure for edited book chapters and reference work entries is as follows:
Chapter Author | Date | Title | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Edited Book Information | DOI or URL | |||
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
Name of Group.
|
(2020). | Title of chapter. | In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. 3–13). Publisher Name.
In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (3rd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 233–253). Publisher Name |
https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxxx |
SOURCE TYPE | REFERENCE EXAMPLE |
---|---|
Chapter in an edited book with a DOI | Belliveau, G. (2018). Releasing trauma. In P. Tortell, M. Turin, & M. Young (Eds.), Memory (pp. 129–138). Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbtzpfm.18 |
Chapter in an edited book without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version | Lundgren, B., & Holmberg, M. (2017). Pandemic flus and vaccination policies in Sweden. In C. Holmberg, S. Blume, & P. Greenough (Eds.), The politics of vaccination: A global history (pp. 260–287). Manchester University Press. |
Chapter in an edited ebook (e.g., Kindle book) or audiobook without a DOI, with nondatabase URL | Enos, T., Jones, J., Pearce, L., & Vorndran, K. R. (2012). Consumerism and the coopting of national trauma. In S. Borrowman (Ed.), Trauma and the teaching of writing (2nd ed., pp. 99–112). State University of New York Press. https://google.com/books/edition/Trauma_and_the_Teaching_of_ Writing/ZEoW1abqCn0C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |
Entry in a dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia, with group author*
*When an online reference work is continuously updated and the versions are not archived, use “n.d.” as the year of publication and include a retrieval date. |
Merriam-Webster. (n.d). Kairos. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kairos |
Wikipedia entry | Marvel Cinematic Universe. (2020, May 10). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe Haymarket affair. (2020, May 5). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair |
This category includes reports and gray literature. Examples of reports include government reports, technical reports, annual reports, research reports, and more. Gray literature refers to publications of information or original research that is not necessarily academic in nature or peer-reviewed. Examples of gray literature include press releases and policy briefs.
The reference structure for reports and gray literature is as follows:
Author | Date | Title | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Publisher Information | DOI or URL | |||
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
Name of Group.
|
(2020).
(2020, May 2). |
Title of report.
Title of report (Report No. 123). Title of gray literature [Description]. |
Publisher Name. | https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxxx |
SOURCE TYPE | REFERENCE EXAMPLE |
---|---|
Report by a government agency or other organization | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2019). Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ |
Report by individual authors at a government agency or other organization | Perez, J. (2019). Notes from the field: Tackling gun violence as a community issue. National Institute of Justice. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/notes-field-tackling-gun-violence-community-issue |
Annual report | NPR. (2019). 2019 annual report. https://www.npr.org/documents/about/annualreports /2019_Annual_Report.pdf |
Policy brief | Scott, A. (2020). Maintain funding for USDA rural development programs [Policy brief]. National Association of Counties. https://www.naco.org/resources/maintain-funding-usda-rural-development-programs-3 |
Press release | Scholastic. (2020, March 13). Scholastic creates free, open-access digital hub to help keep students learning while schools are disrupted by coronavirus [Press release]. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/scholastic-creates-free-open-access-digital-hub-to-help-keep-students-learning-while-schools-are-disrupted-by-coronavirus-301023010.html |
This category includes conference sessions and presentations. If a conference paper has been published in a journal, cite it as a journal article. If conference papers and presentations have been included in a published volume of the proceedings, you can cite that volume as an edited book, or you can cite the individual paper/presentation as a chapter in an edited book.
The reference structure for conference sessions and presentations is as follows:
Author | Date | Title | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conference Information | DOI or URL | |||
Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. |
(2019, September 1–3).
(2020, April 30–May 2). |
Title of contribution [Type of contribution]. | Conference Name, Location | https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxxx |
Tips:
SOURCE TYPE | REFERENCE EXAMPLE |
---|---|
Conference session | Cohoon, J. M., Nable, M., & Boucher, P. (2011, Oct. 12–15). Conflicted identities and sexism in computing graduate programs [Conference session]. Frontiers in Education Conference, Rapid City, SD, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2011.6142915 |
Poster presentation | Dean, L. R. (2016, April 27). A decade in the Buckeye State: The effect of unemployment, home value, and local taxes on population change in the counties of Ohio between 2000 and 2010 [Poster presentation]. 20th Annual Undergraduate Research and Creative Achievement Day, Baltimore, MD, United States. https://ur.umbc.edu/files/2016/06/deanLoganSm.pdf |
This category includes doctoral dissertations as well as master’s and undergraduate theses.
The reference structure for dissertations and theses are as follows:
Author | Date | Title | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Database or archive name | URL | |||
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. | (2020). | Title of dissertation [Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree].
Title of thesis [Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. |
Database Name.
Archive Name. |
https://xxxxxx |
Tips:
SOURCE TYPE | REFERENCE EXAMPLE |
---|---|
Dissertation or thesis from a database | McWilliams, K. M. (2014). Responding to trauma: How presidential discourses reshape the dialogues of healing (UMI No. 1556870) [Master's thesis, University of Colorado Denver]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. Tenorio, R. (2018). Deconstructing trauma (Order No. 10809919) [Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. |